Social Policy Development In The Youth Justice System Criminology Essay

Social Policy Development In The Youth Justice System Criminology Essay The aim of this essay is to discuss social policy development in the Youth Justice System (YJS). It places the discussion in the context of some of the economics, political and social concepts that influence social policy development in the YJS. The essay further discusses some of the impacts of these policies in relation to social exclusion, inequality and poverty. It will also assess the structures and organisations like; the Youth Justices Board (YJB 2004), the Intensive Surveillance and Supervision Programme (ISSP) and the Youth offending Teams (YOT) that are involved in the welfare provision. The essay also explores the relationships amongst the different agencies involved in social welfare provision for young offenders. A number of youth justice policies have been developed between 1979 to date. In 1979 the Conservative Government came to power with rhetoric of being tough on crime than its Labour opponents. They introduced a tougher regime known as short sharp shock into detention centres, they promised to jail every person who was sentenced by the judges and magistrates. As a result, the prison population rose (Says who?). In an attempt to limit the prison population, they encouraged diversion from court and custody and also opted for shorter sentences for many run-of-mills offenders. They also introduced a less harsh measure policy of bifurcation which was advocated for the less serious offenders. (Goldson: 2008). Despite these measures, the prison population continued to rise with regular out breaks of riots and disorder within prisons. After the 1987 General Elections, Douglas Hard the then Home Office secretary introduced new YJS approaches which became to be known as the Hurd approach. They included volunterisation, privatisation, managerialism, crime prevention and the neighbourhood watch. (Cavadin Dignan: 2006) They also introduced the Criminal Justice Act 1988 which created a unified sentence of detention in Young Offenders Institutions. The Children Act of 1989 which directed local authorities to make arrangements for diversion from prosecution of child offenders (Muncie et al 2002). New Labour Government introduced the early interventions and restorative justice commonly known as the 3Rs (restoration, reintegration and reparation), they passed the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which introduced the Detention and Training Order (Goldson, 2008). They created the Youth Justice Board (YJB) which is a multi-agency youth body that identifies and monitors good practice (YJB 2004). They formed the Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) which locally co-ordinate the provision of youth justice services and are responsible for various supervisory duties in regard to community penalties, intervention programmes and pre-sentence reports (Muncie et al 2006). Among other policies, they introduced the Criminal Justice Act 2003 to overcome discrimination and inequality in the system (Blakemore and Griggs: 2007). It would be notable that although the Conservative Governments policies and those of New Labour appear different, they are largely similar in that they all hold the principle of punishment in them. However, to analyse their effectiveness, the essay evaluates the factors that influenced these reforms and their impact on the young offenders and those at risk. POLITICAL Social policy development in the YJS is significantly influenced by politics. Kevin (2009) states that, the establishment of the Youth Offending Teams (YOT) and the new youth justice framework was imposed by the government (Kevin, 2009: 298). Furthermore, Goldson (2008) states that: due to pressure on the government to take action on youth crime, the decision to implement the Intensive Surveillance and Supervision Programme (ISSP) was taken long before the evaluations of the pilots could even be completed (Goldson, 2008, p.136). Critics of political interference in policy development like Kevin (2009, p. 295 cited in Pitts, 2000) advises that the need for critical practice is paramount no matter how clever the government thinks it is. Goldson (2008, p.164) further supports this opinion by stating that Evidence Based Policy Practice improves decision making and should inform the development of public policy. While, Blakemore and Griggs (2007, p.197) recommend that the government plays a leading role in policy development, but remain relatively open to professionals and pressure groups. This point appears to carry more weight as it strikes a balance between the role of the government, elitists and the pressure groups. This brings up the debate of the independence of the judiciary from the state. Economic Social policy development in the youth justice is not only shaped by political influences, but also by economic structures in society. Smith (2003) argues that the governments concern to cut state spending encouraged the reduction in the use of expensive custodial options and as a result, it opted for community sentences. He further points out that the decline in the use of secure accommodation in local authorities from 1981 onwards was a budget-driven agenda (ibid). This further supports Alcock, (2008, p.198) statement that social policy development is closely dependent upon the economic structure of the society and upon the economic growth within it. SOCIAL Social policy development in the YJS may also be influenced by Voluntary and Community Sector (VCS). Smith (2007, p. 29-30) argued that it was the Childrens Society that reported that an inter-agency initiative in South Wales had produced successful outcomes such as the speeding up of the judicial process and reduction of offending while on bail, that the adoption of a comprehensive approach to managing the YJS was initiated. Smith (2007) further states that the inter-agency initiative became the most effective way of delivering an agreed package of assessment, service management and record-keeping. However, Alcock (2008, p.165) criticises that most voluntary organisations exclude some potential activists through social divisions of one kind or another. IMPACT Having explored the social, economic and political factors that influence social policy development, an insight on how these reforms improve the welfare and wellbeing of people in relation to social exclusion, poverty and inequality is important. Evidence from YJB (2008) states that: many of the ISSP participants had a range of underlying needs and were highly socially excluded: some had not been engaged in mainstream structures for some considerable time. In many cases, families had already asked for help but had been unable to get any assistance. It also states that 89 percent of young people on ISSP reoffended at some point in the first year of the program (YJB, 2004). Although the ISSP is just a single YJB program, the percentage of reoffending as stated in the report is significantly high and it can be argued that this policy has not effectively dealt with the issue of social welfare of young offenders. However, Blakemore and Griggs (2007:62) state that the YJB approaches are needs focussed and that they include strategies like; psychiatry, social work and education. This may suggest that by having interventions like psychiatry and social work, is an indication that young offenders have underlying issues which cannot be solved by punishment or custody. This line of discussion is supported by Goldson and Muncie (2006) asserting that: young people for whom the fabric of life invariably stretches across poverty; family discord; drug and alcohol misuse; mental distress; ill-health; emotional, physical and sexual abuse; self harm; homelessness; isolation, loneliness; circumscribed educational and employment opportunities; hollowed -out communities and most pressing sense of distress and alienation are the very children targeted by the youth justice apparatus. (Goldson and Muncie, 2006, p.222) From the problems identified above, it can also be argued that policy- makers should be aiming at promoting social welfare instead of criminal justice and by so doing, professionals like; psychiatrists, social workers and teachers would be clear about what they are trying to achieve. Goldson and Muncie (2006) further call for the ethically legitimate, rights-compliant and effective approaches to youth crime and justice stating that approaches must be located within a broad corpus of social and economic policy rather than the narrower confines of youth/criminal justice policy (ibid). The YJB (2006) states that, the government has a Social Exclusion Action Plan and that poverty has been reduced . It further states that more needs to be done to tackle social exclusion, focussing on tackling the cycles of disadvantage that can lead to social exclusion being passed from one generation to the next. This appears to suggest that the YJB admits that current policies are inadequate to address the issues of poverty and social exclusion. As stated eerier that the ISSP which is YJBs strategy to rehabilitate persistent young offenders was implemented in haste, long before its pilots were completed. Could this be the reasons why it produced undesirable outcomes?. In addition to the above, it appears that punishing young offenders with underlying issues has contributed to the YJBs ineffectiveness. This argument is supported by Goldson (2007) asserting that:- despite such developments in policy, the deep-rooted tensions between welfare and justice that are intrinsic to law, policy and practice in respect of children in trouble, continue to comprise the source of contestation and complexity (Goldson 2008: p.207). This is amplified by Muncie (2009, p. 242 cited Hughes, and Young, 2007) arguing that the inclusionary principles, values and ideals that inform some social policies should not be abandoned, but resurrected within agendas of social justice, rather than criminal justice. More concerns in terms of inequality and discrimination by Blakemore and Griggs (2007) point out that the criminal justice system is unfair and that African-Caribbeans are more likely to be jailed than whites or Asians. He also states that the police are not quick to respond to policing needs of ethnic minorities than they should have (ibid). Furthermore, Muncie (2009) argues that ethnic minority youths are statistically more likely to be stopped and searched by the police, but offending rates for African Caribbean are not higher than those of whites. The examples of discriminatory practice and inequality may lead one to wonder how the YOTs can work effectively when the police force which has been accused of discriminatory practices. It is notable that legislations such as the Criminal Justice Act 2003 were introduced to overcome the evils of discrimination and inequality in the entire criminal justice system. However, the examples of unequal treatment, injustice, lack of fairness and discrimination do indicate that these issues are alive, and do need to be addressed. Therefore, the policy planning process, implementation and review should focus on empowering young offenders to overcome the issues of social exclusion, poverty and inequality. CONCLUSION This essay has reflected on the impact of some of the political, social and economic influences on social policy development and how these resultant policies on the YJS have impacted on social exclusion, poverty and inequality. The essay appreciates the existence of the YOT as a multi- agency team in the youth justice system that includes, psychiatrists, social workers. Youth workers and education. The essay deplores the existence of the principle of punishment in the in a system which should be aiming at emancipating young offenders who have underlying issues. The essay has also discussed the existence of discrimination and inequality which exposes young offenders to social exclusion as a result of flaws in the policies. Although this essay has appraised introduction of the New Labour policies, it concludes that the practice remains largely the same despite the change in policy.

“to the Reader” Analysis

â€Å"To The Reader† Analysis The never-ending circle of continuous sin and fallacious repentance envelops the poem â€Å"To the Reader† by Baudelaire. The beginning of this poem discusses the incessant dark vices of mankind which eclipse any attempt at true redemption. As the poem progresses, the dreariness becomes heavier by mentioning the Devil and demons, and how Hell is the final stop of everyone’s journey. The ending stanza says the most dangerous of all actions is boredom.This proposition that boredom is the most unruly thing one can do insinuates that Baudelaire views boredom as a gate way to all horrible things a person can do. The first thing one reads is the title, â€Å"To the Reader. † With this, Baudelaire is not just singling out any individuals or a certain group of people. â€Å"Folly, error, sin and parsimony,† (1) everyone possesses these vices, and that is who Baudelaire is addressing. A religious aspect is introduced in lines 5 through 7 stating that although we repent and confess, our sins are obstinate and our repentance feeble because soon after we are back to our wicked ways.Many religions, such as Christianity and Islam, believe that there is a joyous afterlife for those who have led a righteous lifestyle and have atoned for their sins. However, Baudelaire dismantles this comfort by implying that we repent because we â€Å"Believ[e] our base tears can wash away the stains [our sins]† (8). Even with the hint of a religious tone, Baudelaire is still talking to those without a religious affiliation, for no one is perfect and has not apologized for an act they were not sorry they committed.In class, it was argued that this poem is not actually a religious work because it has no hope and that it is, in fact, just about human nature; I believe it is about both. It is human nature to express regret towards those we have wronged, whether Christian, Muslim, Atheist, or any other denomination. However, t hose with a religious affiliation are hypocrites; preaching that we must all be without sin and have faith in and obey their respected deity. They, such as Christians, demonstrate hypocrisy through participating in sins themselves.They think ill thoughts against those who believe something else – judging; speak poorly of others to their friends – gossiping; confess that they did not mean what they said or did – lying. Although we may try to live better with each passing day, our evilness has a stronger resolve. Baudelaire writes â€Å"On the pillow of evil Satan Trismegistus / Cradles at length our enchanted soul† (9 & 10) â€Å"It is in hateful objects that we find peace / Each day, one step further towards Hell† (14 & 15).In these four lines, Baudelaire is suggesting that we do unholy or immoral things without noticing; continuing to entertain Gluttony, Pride, or Lust without a second thought, and that our souls are the Devil’s price. Ther e are different levels of intensity to all sins; telling a white lie every now and again is far better than taking another’s life every now and again. For some, the thought of murdering or raping someone is atrocious, nevertheless Baudelaire believes that If rape and poison, arson and the knife Have not yet women their pleasant designsOn the dull canvas of our lowly destinies It is because our soul, alas, is not yet bold enough. (25-28) The Christian religion is hinted here again by the use of women; it was Eve that introduced sin to mankind by eating the forbidden fruit, the pleasant design of sin. These lines are suggesting that appalling crimes are thought about and can be conducted by all, but only the strong willed are able to carry them out. Of all the horrible acts one can commit, Baudelaire suggests that there is one that is most heinous above all the rest, and that is boredom.Baudelaire states that Boredom is â€Å"more ugly, evil, [and] fouler than the rest† (33). Being in a state of boredom can lead to all types of malice and immoral thoughts. When you have time to think, memories of how someone wronged you may appear and you may decide to do wrong back unto him, or perhaps going to the club may seem like a nice way to meet with someone to relieve you of your boredom, etc. Boredom is not just failing to find something to do, but that you are tired of doing the same stuff over and over again.If one is bored of going to church and hearing the gospel, they could always decide to follow a different religion or drop it altogether. Who can say they are without sin, completely wholly, and truly deserving of a divine afterlife? As previously stated, some believers can be considered hypocrites. People are always preaching that one must practice a better way of living, yet they are deaf to their own sermon. Sin is practiced by all, even those who believe themselves to be above it. Unfortunately, to cast away sin is to cast away human nature, whi ch cannot be done, and as long as boredom lingers around, sin will always follow.

Elizabeth and Akbar: the Religion of the Ruler

Kenneth Wolfe: â€Å"Elizabeth and Akbar: The Religion of the Ruler† Kenneth Wolfe states that in 1530, the people of the country would follow their rulers religion in order to bring peace. This brought conflict among the country dividing it into states. How important was following your rulers religion? Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) and Emperor Abu-ul-Fath Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar of Muhgal India (1534-1606) answer that question. Elizabeth and Akbar, once in power, were determined to bring peace among their country by being the foundation of their country. They used their militaries to take control. Elizabeth was born Protestant and had several struggles throughout her lifetime; her being a â€Å"bastard† and the deatyhs of her loved ones. Elizabeth invented a â€Å"Religious Settlement† that made England a Protestant country. Elizabeth tried to make a church that was both a doctrine and had appearance of the religions. Queen Elizabeth was able to resist a religious civil war unlike many other countries, and her sister. Elizabeth became fondly remembered through her religious settlements and skills creating loyalty towards her and is remembered by all England’s generations. The Mughal Emperor Akbar also experienced a troubled youth. His tutor taught him â€Å"universal peace† which is what he followed when he came into power. Akbar was a brutal warrior, but also known to be very spiritual. He was known to be â€Å"powerful, magnetic, and inspiring†. After Akbar inherited the Mughal Empire it expanded from all of north and central India which consisted of Muslim and Hindu people. Akbar needed a large army to contain his empire. He was known to be a skilled military leader and married Hindu princesses. He began to end taxing, and enslaving Hindu’s as they made their pilgrimage to the many shrines of India. And in 1564 he stopped taxing all Islamic countries. Akbar’s religion began to change as he began to make pilgrimages to his shrine every year and even built a new capital, Fatephur-Sikri. Akbar ended up having 3 sons, predicted by Shakih Salim and named to first after him. Akbar was deeply religious by nature and experienced a â€Å"ecstasy† during a royal hunt. In 1582 Akbar invented the â€Å"Divine Faith† which made the people dedicate their life and honor to Akbar. Akbar’s leading civil and military appointees are known as mansabdars. They were loyal to the ruler and were assigned revenue. Akbar later divided his empire into 12 large provinces which were lead by a governor. This helped keep order among the Mughal Empire. Akbar’s religious changes and mahzar caused a revolt which he was able to control. He respected the non-Muslims by â€Å"universal peace†. The Mughal Empire lasted long due to the fact that Muslims do not rule over Hindu’s and vice-versa (universal peace). Elizabeth and Akbar were able to retain power by respecting all their countries religions and by bring peace. I would have to agree with Kenneth Wolfe at the fact that Elizabeth and Akbar both retained power by using peace. Although, I believe Elizabeth had contained her country better then Akbar because she did not favor any religion even though she was Protestant. Akbar, although he was Muslim, favored the Hindus. Queen Elizabeth did a better job by containing religious civil wars unlike Akbar who had a revolt. I believe over all that both Elizabeth and Akbar did a great job ruling and bringing religious peace among their country.

White Employees And Employment Discrimination - 1863 Words

As it can be seen from the calculations above, a clear pattern of discrimination has occurred in both the warehouse and store promotion decisions in 2008. In both cases, as well as in the overall combined promotion rates, black employees were consistently hired at a lower than acceptable rate than their white counterparts. Therefore, any black employees who applied for a promotion during 2008 may have a case for employment discrimination depending on their unique circumstances. 2007 on the other hand is a bit trickier for any black employees wishing to file an employment discrimination claim, because only in the case of promotions occurring at stores were black employees promoted at less than 80% the rate of white employees. Employees who worked in a warehouse and were passed over for a promotion in 2007 may not be able to use the four-fifths rule as a basis for employment discrimination because black employees were actually promoted at a higher rate than white employees during that time. Ironically, it is white employees who worked in a warehouse during 2007 who may have a claim for employment discrimination because white employees were hired at a rate of 0.74 that of black employees. In fact, black employees were even promoted at a higher rate overall during 2007. 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Essay Winstons Predicament in 1984 - 1422 Words

Winstons Predicament in 1984 The dystopian world George Orwell created for 1984 is a bleak, emotionless place, grey shaded and foul smelling, full of hate and distrust. The humans that inhabit it do not live, they are simply expected to exist for the good of the sinister Party, a totalitarian government, while their leader gazes down at them from every wall, watching their every move. One of these humans, and our protagonist, is Winston Smith. His problems when simplified may seem like the problems of any other person: his lack of freedom, his repressed emotions and his desperate loneliness. These problems however, are exasperated by the society he lives in. Thought crime, punishable by death, goes so far as to prohibit†¦show more content†¦Problems in communication between Winston and the opposite sex are hi-lighted when he speaks about his original companion and now estranged wife, Katharine in chapter 6 of the first part. 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The Basics Of Personality Theory - 2545 Words

Abstract A theory can be defined as a set of ideas that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control situations. A person’s personality is often known as what makes them who they are. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a persons’ personality as, â€Å"the set of emotional qualities, ways of behaving, etc., that makes a person different from other people.† Now, putting those two concepts together, this paper will discuss personality theory. There are six major ideas that make up the basics of personality theory. The six major ideas that make up the basics of personality theory are, nature versus nurture, the unconscious, view of self, development, motivation, and maturation. These six ideas can also be categorized into two†¦show more content†¦A biblical foundation can solve the ongoing issue. But how can that be uniform across the field of psychology when psychology is mostly science based and not based on biblical principles? This paper will answe r these questions and give a clear incite on personality theory. Foundations of Personality Nature vs Nurture Nature versus nurture is a complex issue that has been studied for many years (Gibson, 2013). Some suggest that nature is the basis of personality, while others hold that nurture, which is the environment around a person, is the basis of personality (Gibson Smith, 2014). Nature is that of which is inherited. A person has no control over nature. Nature is everything that is genetically inherited by an individual. Nurture refers to all other influences in a person’s life from the time they are born. Nurture can also refer to experiences that a person receives during the course of their life. This complex issue can be best explained as arguments whether certain aspects of a persons’ personality is inherited or learned. Some would say that this argument should be settled by saying both sides are correct. Some aspects of a persons’ personality is inherited and others can be learned. While that it true, the majority of a persons’ personality i s shaped by the environments and other people that a person surrounds themselves in. The arguments surrounding this idea of nature verses nurture are strong. It is a proven fact that certain physical characteristics of

People Obey Authority and Commit Actions Against Conscience

Question: Discuss about thePeople Obey Authority and Commit Actionsfor Against Conscience. Answer: Introduction In a communal living it is requirement that we have some form of authority that can give a structure to our social life. Authority gives birth to obedience which is a basic structure in the social life of living beings. Only a man who would live in isolation would be free from obeying and submitting to others commands. In the long history of mankind there are several examples where hideous crimes were committed in the name of the obedience. Some examples are reliably established, when in the years 1933-1945 millions were slaughtered under the command of a leader. The policies that gave rise to this inhumane behavior was the seed of one twisted mind but was followed and carried out in the form of orders by many (Colman, 2009).So obedience dragged these numerous people to carry out orders that may or may not be against their beliefs and conscience? The most famous study that was conducted in the field of psychology was conducted by Stanley Milgram who explained that obedience can be li nked to political purposes; it can be productive as well as destructive. Obedience is the manifestation that ensures that an individual carries out the instructions that are issued by people in authority. It is cement that binds the individual to the system of authority. The question arises how so many people could engage in such unconscionable behaviors? How could they be blinded in doing and engaging in clear injustice? Well the answer is, a new creature is formed in an organisational structure that has no barriers of personal ethics, he or she is free from any inhibitions and is only concerned with the authority sanctions. People will obey orders if they recognize that the authority is legally based or morally right. Body Stanley Milgram was a psychologist from the Yale University. He wanted to know whether the Germans were extraordinarily obedient to their authority figures as an explanation to the killings in the World War II. Were there any justifications for the genocide of the World War II? In his study 40 males were selected between the ages of 20-50 (Milgram, 1963). These participants had various occupations such as high school teachers, laborers, salesman, engineer and postal clerks. They also ranged in educational level as some had not even finished elementary school whereas some had a doctorate ( Nicholson, 2011). They were told in the start of the experiment that they would be paid $4.50 for turning up to the lab and this payment does not depend on the result of the experiment. Procedure of the study was that every participant was teamed up with another participant as a teacher and learner. They had already drawn from their research on the participants that who is more suitable to be a teacher and who is nave enough to be the learner. But still they pretended to take out slips of paper to decide who will be who. The slips were rigged predicting the same outcome as the researchers were aiming for (Griggs, Whitehead, 2015). After the slips were drawn the learner participant was taken to a different adjacent room and was strapped to a electric chair. Now the learner and teacher were paired in a learning task where the learner has to remember the word pairs. If he answers an incorrect answer, he will be subjected to an electric shock by the teacher. Moreover the key command was that the teacher has to move one higher level in shock generator each time the learner flashes the wrong answer. The teachers were also asked to announce the voltage before administerin g the shock. This was done to ensure that the teacher knows that he is increasing the intensity of the voltage. But actually each time only 45 volts of shock was being delivered to the learner. (Freckelton, 2012). Through his Obedience Study Milgram wanted to know how far human beings can obey orders from someone if it resulted in hurting another human being. If the teacher does refuse to administer the shock they were given prods/orders to continue it (Persaud, 2005).. These prods or orders were not any punishments or forceful terms that were being dictated but they were sentences like Please continue, the experiment requires you to continue, it is absolutely essential that you continue, and you have no other choice but to continue. This proves that they were under no kind of pressure (Slater, et al., 2006). Many teachers were asked whether they think that the shocks they are delivering are painful. Almost all replied they know that the shocks are painful. All most all teachers subjected their learners to 300 Volts shocks. 5 out of 40 refused to deliver shocks beyond 300 volts. 26 participants delivered shocks till the end and were visibly stressed while administering the shocks. Through this experiment two findings were very clear; the first was the strength of the obedient tendencies that has manifested in this situation. The participants were clear that it is a moral breach to hurt another person yet 26 of them listened to a person who had no special authority to command them. They were to suffer no material loss if they disobeyed this person or no punishment would be given to them if they discontinued this experiment. Secondly the stress and agitation that these teachers experienced while delivering the shocks showed that this act of violence was against their values but still they were continuing with it. (Haslam, Reicher,2006). Milgrams experiment proves that even when none of the participants were under any violent or physical restraints they continued to go along, as people tend to follow orders as obedience to authority is ingrained in all of us. It is how we are brought up. We learn it in institutions such as school, family and work. Through this experiment the extreme willingness of adults to obey commands of authority was seen and demanded further explanation (Burger, 2009).. His study was also carried out in different replications in Spain and Netherlands. In Netherlands and Spain the results showed 90% compliance by the participants. This shows that obedient participants were in majority in other countries as well. Another study that demonstrated the power of roles was the Prison study conducted in Stanford Prison by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues. They wanted to know if university students were assigned in the roles of guards and prisoners, what would happen (Bocchiaro, Zimbardo, 2010). Men who participated in the study were being paid daily fees and agreed to a part of the experiment for two weeks. They were randomly assigned in the roles of prisoners and guards. It was noticed that the participants that were assigned the roles of prisoners became panicky, distressed and helpless in a short time. Some started becoming rebellious and started showing emotional distress. After a few days the prisoners were begging to get out even forfeiting their monitory gains but on the other hands the participants that were assigned as guards were adjusting well to their new power (Carnahan, McFarland, 2007). They were free to use any method to maintain peace and order but they automatically choose to b e abusive and harsh even when the prisoners were not resisting. The guards that were less cruel never complained about the behavior of their abusive peers. It was clear, that the situation rather than their individual personality was causing the persons behavior. The experiment lasted for six days as the students that were assigned as Prisoners were heading towards a terrifying transformation that the researchers never wanted. Critics of the study maintain that the study is flawed as students knew how to behave as guards and prisoners as they have all watched numerous movies about it. But Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo explained that if they the guards were just having fun and acting why would they behave as it is their real job. In the year 1998 Zimbardo studied real prisoners and guards and was able to support his study findings. (Griggs, 2014). Both experiments Obedience study and the Prison experiment support the result that the participants behavior was changed by the authority and environment around them. These studies also prove how social roles influence our behavior. Even when the guards that were less harsh on the prisoners, decided to look the other way as they thought under the circumstances they have to support their peers. Allocating responsibility to the authority is a common way in which people try to justify their uncommon behavior. These people hand the responsibility of their actions to the authority therefore trying to absolve them of accountability. It was observed in the Milgram Obedience Study that many participants who were assigned teachers role showed an attitude that the learner is getting shocks because he has committed a mistake and the Teacher is just following orders. In contrast the ones that refused to give high voltage shocks took responsibility for their actions thus refused to grant legitimacy to the authority (Edenfield, 2003). After the experiment a participant explained how shoving the responsibility of his actions was the most cowardly thing to do. Symbols such as scientist in the white coat, chain on prisoners and sunglasses on guards played a crucial role. In the Prison experiment by Zimbardo the guards were provided by sunglasses to prevent any eye contact this reduced the human factor between the participants. Prisoners were made to wear a bolted chain around the ankle to feel humiliated, and emasculated. In the Milgram Obedience study the lab coat scientist or experimenter was a figure of authority even when he had no real authority on the participants as they had volunteered to be in the study. The famous Kitty Genovese murder in New York in 1964 is an example of bystander effect as when Genovese was stabbed outside her apartment, many observed but none stepped to help or call the police. This perceived diffusion in responsibility can be caused by factors such as the presence of many people. The term bystander effect is the phenomenon when the presence of a number of people discourages a person to help another in distress. The chance of others helping individuals in need is inversely related to number of bystanders. So if more people are involved than it is less likely that one of the bystanders will help. (Hudson, Bruckman, 2004), (Fischer, et al., 2006). Conclusion The study conducted by Milgram shows that every person has a conscience which controls their destructive drives. But when they are integrated in an organisational structure the individual changes in a new creature that is released from any inhibition and he is only concerned with the authority sanctions. The result of the experiment shows that people usually do what they are being asked by someone else. When authority was pitted against the participants moral imperatives of hurting others, authority won many times.( Haslam, Reicher, 2007). The fundamental breach of moral belief of not hurting the other person is over ridden by authority. The sheer strength of obedient tendencies is manifested in this situation. Where some participants expressed deep disapproval of the electrical shocks and some branded the experiment as stupid and unnecessary. Yet all complied with the commands. The Stanford Prison Experiment is a central contribution to the Milgrams paradigm of quantifying aggressi on where good people can be induced into doing evil deeds. The human nature, in some powerful social settings can be transformed in character, and studies like these leave the people disturbed, mystified and surprised. People will obey orders if they recognize that the authority is legally based or morally right. Against the victim blaming and despairing perspective the hard lessons that we can learn from Stanford prison experiment and Milgram studies are that, good and normal people can be made into doing something evil. References Burger, J. M. (2009). Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today?American Psychologist,64(1), 111. Bocchiaro, P., Zimbardo, P. G. (2010). Defying unjust authority: An exploratory study.Current Psychology,29(2), 155170. Carnahan, T., McFarland, S. (2007). Revisiting the Stanford Prison experiment: Could participant self-selection have led to the cruelty?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,33(5), 603614 Colman, Andrew (2009).A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 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